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Introduction
Amanita fungi belong to the divisions Basidiomycota, class Agaricomycetes, or Agaricales, family Amanitaceae (Bas 1969; Persoon 1801). Species of the genus Amanita are distributed throughout the world and are generally easily recognized so you can buy amanita muscaria usa. Native to the coniferous and deciduous forests of the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere, including regions such as the Hindu Kush, the Mediterranean basin and even Central America (Tulloss 2005). There are approximately 1000 species of Amanites in the world (Tulloss 2005).About 100 types of kinds are considered toxic and about 50 are edible.The spores are (7.4) 8.511.5 (13.1) × (5.6) 6.58.5 (9.8) µm and are mostly ellipsoid and inamyloid. Tweezers are very common on basidia (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
A. muscaria (L.) Lam. on Mount Belasitsa, Bulgaria.
A. muscaria forms ectomycorrhizal symbiotic associations with a wide host range of the Betulaceae, Cistaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae families, but is more common with trees of the genera Betula, Pinus, Pice and. socialized eucalyptus (Dunk et al. 2011).
There is an extensive literature on toxins in Amanita species. Some produce alkaloids with hallucinogenic properties. muscaria as a generalized fungus containing ibotenic acid and muscimol (Takemoto et al. 1964, Eugster et al. 1965) has been used for centuries to catch flies due to the exclusive presence of glutamate chloride channels in invertebrates where they serve glutamate and glutamate. Ibotenic acid. as inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in insects (Stebelska 2013).Some simple preparation methods involved soaking the mushroom in milk or water, or sprinkling the milk directly on the hat, while others were more complex and involved a combination of heat or mechanical treatment and soaking. (Rubel and Arora 2008). The release of ibotenic acid was time dependent, with the amount extracted increasing over time (Lumpert and Kreft 2016).
Thousands of years before this use began, the populations of Siberia, Kamchatka and the Vikings made extensive use of the psychotropic effects of the fungus. 3500 CE, in a cave in present-day Algeria, depicting dancing figures holding mushrooms (Wieczorek 2014). Similar findings in Central America suggest that hallucinogenic mushrooms were used in Aztec and Mayan religious rituals (Feeney 2010).
The main psychoactive substances of the fungus are muscimol, ibotenic acid and mukazon. When ingested, the fungus causes a condition similar to alcohol poisoning (Meyer and Quenzer 2005), known as pantherine muscaria intoxication syndrome.The custom of peeling the cuticles before consuming the fungus is aimed at removing the highest levels of psychoactive substances (Catalfomo and Eugster 1970). During cooking, most of the water-soluble active ingredients would be removed by heat. For example, Mexicans ate A. muscaria carpophorus without the cuticle and also spilled cooking water. (PerezSilva and HerreraSuarez 1991) In Italy, A. muscaria is preserved in brine after boiling it and discarding the water before consumption. In North America, the fungus is dried and, after peeling the red, smoky cuticle (Rubel and Arora 2008). In addition to poisoning in people who have intentionally eaten the fungus following a hallucinogenic experience, it has been reported A. muscaria poisoning in children (Benjamin 1992) and adults who mistakenly ingested it. Sometimes they are washed away by heavy rain and the fungi may look like A. edible cesarean section. Death from this type of fungus is rare or rarely reported. If so, it is due to complications. or in combination with existing therapies.
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